10 This section of the WHO eManual describes WHO’s policy on recording of revenue from Member States (assessed contributions) and donors (voluntary contributions), and the management of receivables.
20 Revenue is recognized on an accrual basis of accounting in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). The applicable standards are IPSAS 23 - Revenue from Non-exchange transactions and IPSAS 9 - Revenue from Exchange transactions.
30 IPSAS defines Non-exchange transactions as "transactions that are not exchange transactions. In a non-exchange transaction, an entity either receives value from another entity without directly giving approximately equal value in exchange, or gives value to another entity without directly receiving approximately equal value in exchange."
40 IPSAS defines Exchange transactions as "transactions in which one entity receives assets or services, or has liabilities extinguished, and directly gives approximately equal value (primarily in the form of cash, goods, services, or use of assets) to another entity in exchange."
50 Most contributions to WHO are non-exchange transactions. They include voluntary contributions, cash and non-cash, as well as assessed contributions. In other words, non-exchange transactions are those where donors do not directly benefit from their payments.
60 Funds that WHO receives from Member States for procurement of pharmaceuticals, medical supplies or literature on their behalf (called reimbursable procurement), and for the sale of publications are examples of exchange transactions.
